Human Urogenitourinary Tract Microbiome


Erdem F.

in: Effects of Microbiota on Human Health, Oral ÖCÜL,Zerrin KATAŞ, Editor, Istanbul University, İstanbul, pp.117-134, 2024

  • Publication Type: Book Chapter / Chapter Vocational Book
  • Publication Date: 2024
  • Publisher: Istanbul University
  • City: İstanbul
  • Page Numbers: pp.117-134
  • Editors: Oral ÖCÜL,Zerrin KATAŞ, Editor
  • Eskisehir Osmangazi University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

HUMAN GENITOURINARY TRACT MICROBIOME Fatma ERDEM1

1Doç. Dr. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı , Eskişehir, Türkiye E-mail: dr.akfatma@hotmail.com

DOI: 10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.004

ABSTRACT

The human body is colonized by microorganisms (microbiome) and its impact on health is increasingly reconized. The urogenital microbiota (urinary, periurethral, vaginal, penile) has a potential preventive and protective role for uropathogen-induced infections (urinary system infection, urethritis) and non-microorganism-related conditions (bladder cancer, recurrent pregnancy loss, etc.). Metagenomic analysis using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has facilitated the characterization of the microbiome, providing detailed information about microbial populations and the discovery of non-culturable microorganisms. quantitative characterization of the microbiome.

The urinary microbiota distribution in men and women differs due to the difference in the anatomical structure and structure of the urine content is diffrent among men and women (such as calcium density in women, creatinine density in men). Urinary microbiota also changes with age due to changing hormones, changing diet and changing hygiene conditions. The majority of urinary microbiota belongs to the order Firmicutes (65% in males, 73% in females). The phylum of Firmicutes (15% male - 19% female) is followed by Bacteroidetes (10% male - 3% female) and Proteobacteria (8% male - 3% female). By metagenomic sequencing method, viruses and (bacterial viruses) bacteriophages can also be detected in the urinary tract (urinary viroma). Human papilloma virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, BK and JC polyomavirus, herpesvirus and anellovirus are viruses detected in the urinary tract. BK and JK viruses, which can be found latent in the urine without symptoms in healthy individuals, cause nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis and leukoencephalopathy in immunosuppressed individuals. The female reproductive system (FRT) consists of the vulva, vagina (lower urogenital system), endometrium, fallopian tubes and ovaries (upper urogenital system). The normal female genital tract (FGT) microbiome plays an important role in preventing preterm birth and reducing the transmission rate of sexually transmitted diseases. Sperm fluid interacts directly with the FGT microbiota and ultimately determines the ability to conceive and delivery rates.

In this chapter, it is aimed to evaluate the normal distribution of the urogenital microbiome, to discuss the relationship between the microbiome and diseases, and to evaluate the contribution of microbiota-containing biological therapeutics (probiotics, etc.) to the prevention of urogenital system diseases as an alternative of current treatments (antimicrobial, anticancer treatments). A holistic view of the urogenital microbiome will also be a guide for urogenital microbiome studies.

Keywords: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), urogenital microbiota, probiotic, metagenomic analysis, urinary tract infection, recurrent pregnancy loss