A gold nanoparticle-modified pencil graphite electrochemical sensor integrated into a flow injection analysis system for Diethylstilbestrol detection

ÖZBAL A., Özcan A.

Microchemical Journal, cilt.226, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 226
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118349
  • Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Amperometric detection, Diethylstilbestrol, Flow injection analysis, Gold nanoparticles, Pencil graphite electrode, Voltammetry
  • Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a highly stable endocrine disruptor with carcinogenic effects, highlighting the need for reliable analytical methods for its determination. In this study, a gold nanoparticle–modified pencil graphite electrode (Au/PGE) was employed as a versatile platform for DES determination in two analytical modes. First, Au/PGE was used for voltammetric detection, providing a linear range of 0.25–25 μM with a detection limit of 6.29 nM. Subsequently, the system was extended to an amperometric flow injection configuration coupled with a C18 column (A-FIA/HPLC), enabling a wider linear range of 1–500 μM with a detection limit of 0.23 μM. The systems were successfully applied to real samples. The voltammetric method yielded recoveries of 78.0–102.0%, while the A-FIA/HPLC system showed improved performance with recoveries of 89.1–102.9%. Overall, the proposed platform provides a practical and adaptable analytical platform for DES determination, integrating electrochemical and chromatographic techniques for improved performance in complex sample matrices.