GLOBALISATION SOCIETIES AND EDUCATION, 2025 (ESCI)
Global citizenship education (GCE) represents one of the outcomes of efforts that aim at expanding the focus of education from national to global. However, several studies identify discrepant discourses undergirding GCE efforts. This paper argues that two forms of GCE dominate the field, but only one of them deserves the title of global citizenship. After outlining the characteristics of each form, it explains why only critical-cosmopolitan GCE represents the genuine form. From a critical-cosmopolitan perspective, it concludes that GCE must be anti-neoliberal, anti-colonialist, and anti-civilisationist partly because these ideologies are anathema to the central civic values of equality and freedom.