Patient- and implant-level factors associated with peri-implant diseases: a retrospective clinical and radiographic study of 968 implants
BMC Oral Health, cilt.26, sa.1, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 26 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1186/s12903-026-09338-8
- Dergi Adı: BMC Oral Health
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Dental implants, Gingival phenotype, Oral hygiene, Peri-implant diseases, Peri-implantitis, Risk factors, Smoking
- Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Background: Peri-implant diseases are among the most clinically significant biological complications of implant therapy, yet the relative contribution of patient- and implant-related factors to their development remains incompletely understood. This retrospective study examined the associations between demographic, clinical, and implant-related variables and peri-implant disease status in a large clinical cohort. Methods: A total of 199 patients with 968 dental implants placed between January 2015 and January 2023 were evaluated. Variables recorded included demographic characteristics, systemic conditions, smoking status, oral hygiene habits, implant-related parameters, clinical indices (plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, attached gingiva width, and gingival thickness), and radiographic marginal bone loss. Peri-implant disease status — classified as peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis according to the 2017 World Workshop criteria — was the primary outcome. Multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were applied to account for the clustering of multiple implants per patient. Results: Of the 968 implants, 713 (73.6%) were classified as peri-implant health, 173 (17.9%) as peri-implant mucositis, and 82 (8.5%) as peri-implantitis. In multivariable GEE analysis, smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day (OR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.07–6.10 for mucositis; OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 1.60–12.08 for peri-implantitis), inadequate tooth brushing (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.99–10.86; OR = 5.90, 95% CI: 2.21–15.77), and thin gingival phenotype (OR = 4.22, 95% CI: 2.09–8.51; OR = 15.64, 95% CI: 6.08–40.23) were independently associated with both conditions. Longer implant functional duration was additionally associated with peri-implantitis (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.30–1.90; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this retrospective study, smoking, inadequate oral hygiene, thin gingival phenotype, and longer implant functional duration were independently associated with peri-implant diseases. These findings suggest that peri-implant soft tissue assessment and patient-level risk assessment should be integral components of long-term implant maintenance protocols.