State-of-the-Art Lithium-Ion Battery Pretreatment Methods for the Recovery of Critical Metals

KAYA M., Delavandani H.

Minerals, vol.15, no.5, 2025 (SCI-Expanded) identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Review
  • Volume: 15 Issue: 5
  • Publication Date: 2025
  • Doi Number: 10.3390/min15050546
  • Journal Name: Minerals
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, ABI/INFORM, Aerospace Database, CAB Abstracts, Communication Abstracts, INSPEC, Metadex, Directory of Open Access Journals, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Keywords: cathode material, circular economy, critical metals, environment, pretreatment methods, recycling, spent lithium-ion batteries, sustainability
  • Eskisehir Osmangazi University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Today, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widespread and play a vital role in advancing portable electronics (laptops and mobile phones), green energy technology (electrical vehicles), and renewable energy systems. There is about 30% off-spec scrap LIB production during manufacturing. This trend has caused the accumulation of a huge number of spent LIBs. In addition to containing chemicals that are harmful to the environment, these batteries also contain critical metals; their recycling will greatly help to maintain a green and sustainable economic transition. Therefore, this issue has forced researchers to seek cost-effective and eco-friendly strategies for recycling LIBs. The pretreatment of waste batteries is an essential part of LIB recycling. This article aims to comprehensively review the basic structure of LIBS and existing pretreatment methods in recycling critical metals from LIBs, with a special focus on recent innovations. This manuscript has been prepared to help researchers conduct cutting-edge and novel research in LIB pretreatment and recycling. This approach not only helps researchers to understand the concepts, but also helps to identify and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different pretreatment methods. Also, in addition to mentioning the existing research limitations, suggestions for future research perspectives and less investigated areas that need further research have been presented.