Surface Modifications of Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biomedical Applications, Elsevier, ss.251-266, 2026
Surface is simply defined as the boundary level between two phases, such as solid-gas or solid-vacuum. Specifically, from materials point of view, surface can be considered as the outermost layer (around 30 atomic thickness) of materials at which the physical, chemical, and electronic properties significantly differ from the bulk. Surface structure, morphology, and composition are the major parameters for the extensive properties of materials; hence, the surface plays a quite critical role in the success of materials design and utilization in various applications. The majority of electrochemical reactions in Li-ion batteries take place at interfaces between electrodes and electrolytes; hence, surface of the cell components plays a crucial role in determining the capacity, cycling rate, lifetime, and safety of these energy storage systems.