Click-chemistry functionalization of monodisperse poly(GDMA-co-GDGDA) microbeads with propiolic acid for HILIC applications
Journal of Polymer Research, cilt.33, sa.9, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 33 Sayı: 9
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s10965-026-05084-1
- Dergi Adı: Journal of Polymer Research
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Click chemistry, HILIC, Monodisperse polymer particles, Poly(GDMA-co-GDGDA), Polymeric stationary phase, Surface functionalization
- Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Monodisperse macroporous poly(GDMA-co-GDGDA) microparticles were synthesized by a multistage seeded microsuspension polymerization method using monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) seed latex particles. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the resulting polymer particles were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, and laser diffraction particle size analysis. Surface epoxy groups were subsequently converted into azide functionalities through nucleophilic epoxide ring-opening with sodium azide (NaN₃), followed by copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with propiolic acid, resulting in the covalent incorporation of triazole-linked carboxylic acid groups onto the particle surface. After purification, the functionalized particles were packed into a stainless-steel column (4.6 × 150 mm), and the chromatographic performance of the prepared stationary phase was evaluated using representative polar analytes under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) conditions. Systematic optimization demonstrated that an ACN/H₂O ratio of 90/10 (v/v), a mobile phase flow rate of 1.0 mL min⁻¹, and approximately neutral mobile phase conditions (pH ≈ 7) provided the best overall chromatographic performance. At lower acetonitrile contents (80/20 and 85/15, v/v), thiourea and inosine co-eluted, whereas complete baseline separation was achieved at 90/10 (v/v) ACN/H₂O. Further increasing the acetonitrile content to 95/5 (v/v) resulted in excessive retention and peak broadening. Experimental evaluation of column efficiency showed that the minimum reduced plate height was obtained at approximately 1.0 mL min⁻¹, consistent with the Van Deemter model. The results further indicated that analyte retention was governed predominantly by hydrophilic partitioning, while hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole interactions, and possible electrostatic interactions provided additional contributions to chromatographic selectivity. These findings demonstrate that the prepared propiolic-acid-functionalized poly(GDMA-co-GDGDA) stationary phase exhibits the characteristic chromatographic behavior of HILIC materials and represents a promising polymer-based stationary phase for the efficient separation of polar analytes.